Toxicity Macro-nutrients are normally not toxic to the cell if they are present in comparatively higher concentration than in the normal level. Micro-nutrients are toxic if present exorbitantly in the cell than the required amount. Excessive ingestion Excessive intake of micro-nutrients leads to obesity and diabetes. Excessive consumption of micro-nutrients leads to suppressing immune function. Deficiency of micro-nutrients causes different diseases like night blindness, beriberi, scurvy, goiter etc.
Consequences of overdose Overdose of macro-nutrients causes obesity, heart diseases, diabetes and other metabolic syndromes Overdose of micro-nutrients may harm specific organs of the body. About Sandesh Adhikari Articles. I am Sandesh Adhikari, a dreamer, thinker, researcher and an activist. The macronutrients help create new plant cells which organize into the plant tissue. Without these nutrients , growth and survival will not occur. They are prevalent in many fertilizers to help your lawn grow lush and green.
What do these macronutrients do? Well, we can give you a breakdown by nutrient. As you can see, both macronutrients and micronutrients provide essential activities for the soil. Emerald Lawns can help restore both macronutrients and micronutrients to your soil. Let us come and take a look. Macronutrients and Micronutrients for the Soil. Previous Next. Having fertile garden soil is essential to get the best growth from your lawn and plants. They are two types namely macronutrients and micronutrients.
Plants need greater quantities of macronutrients while plants need minute quantities of micronutrients. Thus, this is the key difference between macronutrients and micronutrients. So, this is a significant difference between macronutrients and micronutrients. Moreover, all micronutrients are minerals while macronutrients can be minerals or non-minerals. Therefore, this is also a significant difference between macronutrients and micronutrients.
Furthermore, roots absorb all micronutrients from the soil while it is not possible to absorb some macronutrients from the soil. Hence, we can consider this also as a difference between macronutrients and micronutrients. The below infographic provides a comparative analysis of the difference between macronutrients and micronutrients. Macronutrients are the nutrients required in greater quantities while micronutrients are the nutrients required in smaller quantities for plants.
Not all macronutrients are absorbed by roots while all micronutrients are absorbed from the soil by the roots. Macronutrients play a major role in the formation of carbon compounds and storage of energy while micronutrients act as cofactors for enzymes and help in electron transfer.
The interactions between Zn and Fe have also been studied Connolly et al. Deficiency of micro-element results in certain physiological disorders impacting plant growth, development, and productivity. Such interactions have been partially understood at physiological and molecular levels, the intricate nutritional cross-talks need to be extensively studied to maximize crop productivity.
Owing to the Haber-Bosch process, N availability is considered to be virtually infinite but the global P reserves are becoming scarce for agriculture in the 21st century. Elser et al. While an adequate supply of N positively affects the uptake of P Smith and Jackson, , P-starvation negatively affects N uptake and assimilation Gniazdowska and Rychter, For a crop plant to successfully reach its reproductive phase, sufficient availability of the essential mineral nutrients, such as N, P, and K, needs to be ensured for various biochemical, physiological, and metabolic processes to occur appropriately.
N is not only required as a nutrient for the synthesis of starch and amino acids, but nitrate N also acts as a signal molecule to modulate phosphate response, and to coordinate the N—P balance Figure 1. Figure 1. PHR1 acts as a major transcriptional regulator of P-starvation response, which is accompanied by the activation of phosphate starvation-induced PSI genes followed by phosphate uptake and translocation by phosphate transporters PHO1 and PHT1s.
N-related long-distance signaling involves cytokinin biosynthesis, C-terminal encoded peptide CEP , and glutaredoxins Tabata et al.
Interaction between N and P signaling was reported to be mediated by Nitrogen limitation adaptation NLA and PHO2 that control phosphate transporter activity resulting in N-dependent P accumulation in shoots Peng et al. Cerutti and Delatorre reported N—P interaction in modulating root architecture by a regulatory component PDR1 of N and P signaling mediated by cytokinin. While P-starvation triggers the formation of shorter primary and lateral roots Hufnagel et al.
Such biological interactions might be the strategy of plants to coordinate N and P acquisition under varying nutritional conditions for optimum growth and yield. However, our current understanding of the molecular basis of such interaction is still elusive.
Thus, evidence suggests that N availability modulates phosphorus starvation responses Rufty et al. Under P-starvation, N supplementation activates P acquisition, while N-starvation represses the P-starvation responses. This indicates that a plant modulates its regulatory system to prioritize N nutrition over P. Phosphate starvation response PHR was reported to be positively regulated by N at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels Sun et al.
Evidence indicates an important role of cytokine in P and N signaling Cerutti and Delatorre, ; Poitout et al. Several other potential factors involved in N-dependent PHR regulation have been reported in Arabidopsis , including miR Liang et al.
Only a few proteins have been reported to be involved in nitrate transport in rice. Medici et al. More importantly, the effect of N-deficiency is less important for plants under P-deficiency. Recently, Pueyo et al. Signaling factors, including phytohormones and miRNAs, were reported to be the important players in the N and P interactions.
It has also been reported that plant cells rapidly replace sulfolipids with phospholipids under S-deficiency, and phospholipids with sulfolipids during P-deficiency Yu et al. Increased synthesis of miR was reported due to P-starvation Hsieh et al. Evidence for co-regulation of P-S signaling is getting accumulated. Recently, Garcia et al.
Cross-talks between P, Zn, and Fe homeostasis have been reported earlier in many plants Briat et al. Complex tripartite cross-talks among P, Zn, and Fe are being reported Zheng et al. Fe-deficiency was reported to alter the transcription of P assimilation-related genes Zheng et al. In Arabidopsis , double mutations for phr1 phl1 altered Fe distribution and expression of Fe-related genes Bournier et al. Similarly, Zn-deficiency induces the expression of several P assimilation-related genes van de Mortel et al.
Fe-deficiency caused up-regulated expression of the genes involved in Zn uptake and homeostasis in leaf and root of soybean Moran et al. PHO1;1 was reported to be involved in coordination between Fe transport and P—Zn deficiency signaling in rice Saenchai et al. Moreover, Fe starvation was also reported to affect S uptake and assimilation. Forieri et al. The role and abundance of Fe—S cluster in various nutritional stresses need to be studied Forieri et al. However, the basics of the cross-talk between P-, Fe-, Zn and S-deficiency signaling in plants remain to be elucidated.
Figure 2. The arrow-heads and flat-ended lines indicate the positive and negative effects of PHR1, respectively. Likewise, Zn sufficiency inactivates the Zn-regulatory network and represses Zn transporters for Zn homeostasis.
Similarly, Fe homeostasis is also regulated in a PHR1-dependent manner. Leskova et al. This indicates that Zn affects Fe homeostasis by sensing the availability of Fe.
These transcriptional regulators play important role in light signaling and modulate global transcriptome to adjust nutrient availability. Transcription factor PHR1 was initially identified as a major regulator of P homeostasis in plants Fujii et al. Based on the available reports and nutritional interactions, it can be concluded that PHR1 and HY5 act as master regulators of multiple nutrient homeostasis. Moreover, the role of miRNAs as a potential regulator of the cross-talks between the nutrient homeostasis is also being deciphered Hsieh et al.
The involvement of epigenetic and epitranscriptomic marks Wang et al. The need of the day is to conduct more extensive, multi-level interaction studies with a system biology approach, and to decipher the integrative gene-networks to better manage the nutrient deficiencies in crop plants, towards maximizing the yield and quality of the produce Kumar, Interactions between macro-nutrients have been evident from the morphological, physiological, and agronomic studies; however, molecular bases of such biological interactions between macro-, micro-, and macro-micro-nutrients are being elucidated.
Biological interactions have not only been detected between N and P, but P and micro-nutrients Fe and Zn have also been reported in plants Bouain et al. Therefore, future research would also need to focus on integrative studies to decipher the mechanisms involved in coordinating multiple nutrient interactions and nutrient-stress signaling to mitigate the harmful effects of nutrient s deficiency in crop plants.
Besides, identification of the genes involved in the interactions between different nutrients e. SuK and TM conceived the idea. SuK supervised the experiments, data collection, and analyses. SaK performed bioinformatics analysis of data and prepared the draft manuscript.
All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Amtmann, A. Effects of N, P, K and S on metabolism: new knowledge gained from multi-level analysis. Plant Biol. Aulakh, M. Interaction effect of sulphur and phosphorus on growth and nutrient content of moong Phaseolus aureus l.
Plant Soil 47, — Aung, K. Plant Physiol. Barberon, M. Monoubiquitin-dependent endocytosis of the iron-regulated transporter1 IRT1 transporter controls iron uptake in plants.
Bari, R. Berg, J. The galvanization of biology: a growing appreciation for the roles of zinc. Science , — Bouain, N. Phosphate and zinc transport and signalling in plants: toward a better understanding of their homeostasis interaction. Bournier, M.
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