Here is an attempt at clarification. It consists of one proton and one unpaired electron which means that it is a free radical. However an atom of hydrogen rarely exists on its own because its unpaired electron eagerly seeks to join up with another electron. H 2 is a gas which forms when two hydrogen atoms bond together and become a hydrogen molecule.
H2 is also called molecular hydrogen. It consists of two protons and two electrons. Consequently it is the most common form of Hydrogen because it is stable with a neutral charge. H2 is not a free radical. H2 is the smallest molecule in the universe. That means it can go where nothing else can …including into your mitochondria which are the powerhouses of your cells. Hydrogen gas cannot be kept in plastic because it will pass right through the walls of the container.
When the Hydrogen atom loses an electron all that is left is a proton. This is the form of Hydrogen that produces the ATP enzyme that powers our cells and mitochondria. Hydride is a hydrogen atom which has an extra electron. This means that it is a negatively charged ion , or anion. That is why Hydride ion H- has the minus sign distinguishing it from a regular Hydrogen atom H. The two dots after the H means that this ion has two electrons instead of just one. The extra electron means that H- is not a free radical however it is not stable because this form of hydrogen is a very strong base extremely alkaline which reacts with water to produce hydroxide OH — and molecular hydrogen H 2.
Hydride H: — also reacts with metals to form chemical compounds which are reducing agents. Hydroxide OH— is also known as the hydroxyl ion. This reaction is reversible. The Hydroxide ion OH — is a base alkaline.
The Hydroxide ion is not a free radical or an antioxidant. The dot to the upper right of the OH indicates an unpaired electron which means that Hydroxyl is a free radical, actually one of the most reactive oxygen radicals. Hydroxide and Hydroxl are two entirely different species.
The Group p-block elements form covalent molecular hydrides. No hydride of rare gas elements has been reported. Some of the d-block and f-block transition metals form metal hydrides exhibiting metallic properties. Transition metals which do not give binary hydrides form many molecular hydride complexes coordinated by stabilization ligands, such as carbonyl CO , tertiaryphosphines PR 3 , or cyclopentadienyl C 5 H 5 refer to Section 6. Typical hydrides of each class are given below.
Quantitative evolution of hydrogen gas at the anode during the electrolysis of the fused salt suggests the existence of H-. Water reacts vigorously with lithium hydride evolving hydrogen gas. Since it dissolves in ethers slightly, the hydride is used as a reducing agent in organic chemistry.
This hydride is used as a hydrogen gas generator, or a dehydrating agent for organic solvents. It is used also as a reducing agent. The hydride dissolves in ethers, and reacts violently with water.
It is used as a reducing and hydrogenating agent and for dehydrating organic solvents. It is soluble in water and decomposes at high temperatures evolving hydrogen gas. It is used as a reducing agent for inorganic and organic compounds, for preparation of hydride complexes, etc. All hydrides other than those of carbon methane and oxygen water are poisonous gases with very high reactivity and should be handled very carefully.
Although there are methods of generating the gases in laboratories, recently many are also available in cylinders. Diborane , B 2 H 6 , is a colorless and poisonous gas mp This hydride is a powerful reducing agent of inorganic and organic compounds. It is also useful in organic synthesis as a hydroboration agent that introduces functional groups to olefins, after addition of an olefin followed by reactions with suitable reagents.
Ammonia , NH 3 , is a colorless and poisonous gas mp Although it is used in many cases as aqueous ammonia since it dissolves well in water, liquid ammonia is also used as a nonaqueous solvent for special reactions. Since the Harber-Bosch process of ammonia synthesis was developed in , it has been one of the most important compounds in chemical industries and is used as a starting chemical for many nitrogenous compounds.
It is used also as a refrigerant. It burns spontaneously in air. It is used in vapor phase epitaxial growth, in transition metal coordination chemistry, etc.
Hydrogen sulfide , H 2 S, is a colorless and deadly poisonous gas mp Although often used with insufficient care, it is very dangerous and should be handled only in an environment with good ventilation.
It is used in chemical analysis for the precipitation of metal ions, preparation of sulfur compounds, etc. It is used for preparing inorganic and organic fluorine compounds.
Because of its high permittivity, it can be used as a special nonaqueous solvent. The aqueous solution is called fluoric acid and is stored in polyethylene containers since the acid corrodes glass.
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